Democracy in the Third World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Democracy in the Third World - Essay Example (Tilly, 2007) There are various questions that need to be raised in this context which are as follows: Nationalism is that phenomenon which stems from complete loyalty and love for one's nation. Under the influence of nationalism, a citizen forms his personal sense of identity in context of the broad characterization of the nation. This consequently leads to mass identity along the same lines when like minded persons get together - a phenomenon better described as national identity. Reversibly, the identity of a nation is formed by the sentiments, attitudes and broad cultural assimilation under which its people function. The theories of nationalism and national identity are complementary to each other, and these inspire entire generations. (Tilly, 2007) Two strong factor that influences nationalism is a legacy of colonisation along with the ethnic groups. These factors, when combined provide a series of influences on the culture, historical experience and other such aspects of a nation or a state. This is due to the fact that the effect of colonisation is most seen on the evolution of ethnic groups. This is of special importance when studying a state in a third world country, where ethnic groups and tribes are of paramount importance in the basic structure of the demographics. Third world countries have seen the ravages of colonisation and are still attached to strong ethnic sentiments, in most cases. This makes for a strong context for nationalism. Yet, the character of nationalism and national identity is not enough for the survival of democracy. Democracy requires the strong footing of policy in order to support development so as to maintain a focus on nationalism and not just fighting poverty and hunger. Participants in Public Policy Public policy may be defined as that state of things or action where the public authorities exercise their freedom of choice in order to deal with certain issues. The tools or mechanisms used to deal with these issues are known as public policy. Public policy may also be defined as a set of decisions that are interrelated to one another. These decisions in turn, are taken by political parties, or other individuals involved in social service, with the broad aim of selection of certain goals that will fit into the situation at hand. Public policy may be implements to various aspects of one's public and domestic life, including welfare, health, justice, feminist policies, and interest group conflict, among various others. (Dye, 2001, p. 4 to 7)2 In this context, the participants in the public policy process may be segregated into two categories. The first are the official participants comprising of

UML Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UML - Essay Example It is a highly expressive language, addressing all the views needed to develop and deploy such systems. The UML has gained substantial industry support from various organizations through the UML Partners Consortium and has been approved by the Object Management Group (OMG) as a criterion. The UML provides the rules and the vocabulary for conceptual and physical representation of a system. Additionally, UML renders the guidelines to create and read well-formed models of systems. Employing UML, application architects and programmers can make a blueprint of a project that visualizes the relationship between elements of software, which in turn makes the actual development process of the software easier. The originator of UML, the Rational Rose from Rational Software, is the most popular visual modeling tool. The UML is a modeling language that focuses on capturing, communicating and levering knowledge. However, the UML is not restricted to modeling software systems; it can also be utiliz ed for modeling non-software systems. It helps in visualizing a system in that it can be used to visually depict a system before it is deployed. It helps in specifying systems in that it addresses "what" is required of system, and "how" the system may be deployed. By constructing a system, UML applies for guiding the realization of a system similar to a "blueprint", and by documenting a system UML applies for capturing knowledge about a system throughout its development (Xpdian.com, 2009). Relationships in UML: 1. Dependency: It is a semantic relationship between two things in which a change to one thing (independent element) may affect the semantics of another thing (dependent element). Graphically, a dependency is rendered as a directed dashed line, including labels. 2. Association: It is a structural relationship that describes a asset of links, a link being connection among objects. Graphically, an association is rendered as a directed solid line, including a label, and often containing adornments like multiplicity, role names, etc. 3. Generalization: It is a specialization/generalization relationship in which objects of the specialized element (child) can be substituted for objects of the generalized element (parent). Graphically, a generalization is rendered as a solid line with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the parent. 4. Realization: It is a semantic relationship between classifiers, in which one classifier defines a contract that another classifier guarantees to execute. This relationship is seen in two places, between interfaces and the classes or components that realize them, and between use cases and collaborations that realize them. Graphically, a realization is rendered as a cross between generalization and a dependency relationship (Xpdian.com, 2009). UML defines nine types of diagrams: Class Diagrams: Class diagrams are the backbone of every object oriented method, including UML, and are most common diagrams found in modeling object oriented systems. Class diagrams address the static view/ structure of a system. Object Diagrams: Object diagrams represent static snapshots of instances of the things found in class diagrams. In other words, these diagrams describe the static structure of a system at a particular time. They are designed to test class diagrams for accuracy. Use Case

Marketing Strategies For Enterprise Branding Of Tesco China Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategies For Enterprise Branding Of Tesco China Marketing Essay This essay mainly presents marketing strategies for enterprise branding in Chinese markets of the British company Tesco (Tesco Co. LTD). The marketing strategies are divided into different aspects which contain the External Analysis, Budgeting, Products, Services, Market Segmentation, the Brand and the Welfare State. As can be seen from the essay, the services seem to be known as the most important factor of the marketing strategies. Tesco (Tesco co. LTD), which was founded in 1919, is known as one of the most successful supermarkets around the world, in terms of profits, reaching  £59.4bn in sales at the end of 2009 according to the financial statements 2009 (Appendix 1). Whilst many areas of the world may have been partially penetrated by supermarkets, the Chinese mainland market is treated as a totally new opportunity for the fast-paced development of Tesco. Since 2004, the year when Tesco opened the first supermarket in China, this world famous company opened 89 mass merchandisers, 12 convenience stores and 4 Lifespace shopping plaza mainly covering 30 cities throughout China. According to Terry Leahy, the Chief Executive of Tesco, At a time when customers everywhere are feeling the economic strain, we are responding to their changing needs in all our markets by lowering prices, introducing more affordable products and offering even sharper promotions. He also points out that these actions, combined with their core strengths in selling food and everyday essentials, owning their own property and having a broad business base, are helping them to cope well with the effects of the downturn. All of this gives credit to their marketing strategies. The increasingly perfected marketing strategies seem to be defined as one of the main factors which have helped Tesco register remarkable achievements, not only in sales but also in business evolution during that period of time. This essay will explain the marketing strategies for enterprise branding of Tesco in China. Overview With the fast-paced permeation of high technology, the retail trade, which is closely bound up with peoples daily life, is becoming a focus of societys attention. However, in the retail trade industry, supermarkets are seen as the most fundamental form of marketing, not only provides consumers with the choice of food, but also non-food choices, such as electrical appliances and clothing. According to Mohan (2009), with the development of economic globalization, infinite commercial opportunities are provided for those international retail trade companies which are planning to land their ideally attractive markets. As the UKs largest and worlds third largest grocery retailers, Tesco has adequately played a role of leader in this situation through the same industrial level, in terms of the ability of using IT to excavate the referable data and the marketing strategies to strengthen the loyalty index of consumers and the brand share. On December 8, 2010, Tesco in China reported its results for the third quarter of fiscal year 2010/2011. According to the report for China, there was a strong growth in global business; group sales increased by 8.8%, international business grew by 15.7% of total sales. UK business continued to perform well, total sales increased by 5.0%. Asian markets had a rapid growth, in terms of a sales growth of 23.4%. It is particularly worth mentioning is Tesco in China opened the fourth LifeSpace shopping plaza in Anshan with the business occupancy rate of 96%. (Data available on http://www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm) The Necessity of developing the International Market The sustained and rapid development of the economy successfully promoted the international business expansion among a large number of retail trade companies; the choice of international markets can somehow extend the products life cycle and ease the pressures in the local market competition. The main factors why Tesco chose the expansion of international operations are shown below: Britains retail market is currently in the mature stage, therefore, selecting a new breakthrough is necessary; Europes retailers are faced with increasingly intense external challenges and competition at present; hence, it is a wise measure to develop the potential market outside Europe; Tesco now has established branches in 14 countries, as is shown in Appendix 2. As the UKs largest retailer, Tesco has the ability to manage and balance its worldwide operations; In order to surmount the large number of international competitors, it is necessary for Tesco to increase its market share. Tescos marketing strategy in China External Analysis Strategy development or review logically starts with external analysis, an analysis of factors external to a business that can affect strategy. Tesco uses a particularly useful concept in conducting an external analysis, which is called strategic questions; this kind of question often suggests subquestions, each of these sub-questions can, in turn, generate still another level of sub-subquestions. This really helps Tesco know what their consumers are willing to buy. Just as Aaker (1995) said: The goal of external analysis is to influence strategy by identifying opportunities, threats, trends, and strategic questions. Its ultimate goal is to improve strategic choices-decisions as to where and how to compete. Furthermore, external analysis also helps Tesco focus on a single segment or attempt to serve multiple segments, perhaps obtaining across-segment synergies. Budgeting Tesco uses the budget as the most efficient tool for management planning and controlling in China. According to McLaney (2008), Budgets do not exist in a Vacuum; they are an important part of a planning framework that is adopted by well-run businesses. Therefore, a well-prepared budgeting is necessary for a company to develop in an international market. Products Lachman (1986) pointed out that marketers can expand their range of products in order to enhance consumers satisfaction. Driven by the global economic integration, many Chinese consumers began to slowly accept Western culture, as well as the imported food which is produced by the majority of Western suppliers. As an international business, Tesco is able to leverage the advantages of a distribution for the Chinese market with a large number of imported products. While taking into account the price, the quality of the products has been paid more attention by consumers currently. Kayl, the CFO of Tesco, said that the only way to assure the establishment of a permanent link between us and consumers is strictly monitoring the quality of the products. Tesco can satisfy retailers, suppliers and customers, leading to a win-win situation. Services Firstly, although there are many 24-hour convenience stores, the size is not large enough. However, Tesco has achieved a breakthrough in this regard, that is to say building larger stores around the world. Secondly, with the fast-paced development of the Internet, a large number of consumers will choose to shop online; Tesco has not only improved their services, and its online service is also constantly being renovated, so that consumers can enjoy the fun of online shopping. According to Tescos official website, the online shopping sales in 2009 added 30.9%, profits create an increase of 49.2% compared with 2008. Tesco.com possesses 100 million customers in 2009. (Data available on Tesco official website) Thirdly, when the holidays come, it is common that there will appear problems in supply of goods suppliers and collection systems in many supermarkets. Faced with this problem, Tesco also has its own response. Tesco and suppliers are using the suppliers management systems that can have quick replenishments, in order to reduce the rate of the stores OOS (out of stock). In addition, Tesco has also installed self-service cash registers, consumers can check out by scanning their product, which greatly eases the pressure of collection, saving consumers time. Fourthly, Tesco has for a long time implemented a system of membership cards. This system is not a simple loyalty program of filling prescriptive points for exchanging prizes; it is defined as a combination between information technology, database creation, and analyses of consumers, then accordingly to guide and access to more accurate customer segments, more targeted marketing strategies and customer relationship management system. The magnetic strip card and electronic scanning technology is really helpful to analysis each members buying preferences and consumption patterns, Tesco can not only design the personalized quarterly newsletters for different sub-groups, but also greatly enhance the customer satisfaction and loyalty. Fifthly, as the saying goes: The consumers satisfaction is basically from the employees satisfaction. Therefore, Tesco is not only concerned about the interests of consumers, but also pays more attention to the interests of their employees. For example, in order to reduce the work pressure of their employees, Tesco provide every cashier with a seat when they are doing their work. To sum up, Tesco has been working to improving their products and services, in terms of always trying to make up for its own shortcomings and to enhance consumers satisfaction, for instance, some Tesco stores are planning to set up larger parking lots to satisfy Chinas increasing growth of car ownership. 3.5 Market Segmentation Based on the consumers preferences, the customers are divided into six sub-groups by Tesco; there are eight sub-groups which are distributed by life stage; and according to purchasing habits and behavior patterns consumers are divided into as many as 5,000 groups. The benefits which Tesco is gained from the detailed market segmentation include: more targeted pricing strategies more selective procurement plans more personalized promotions more attentive customer services more measurable marketing effects more convincing market research The benefits stated above provide a promotion of consumers satisfaction and loyalty to Tesco. Brand Another commendable marketing strategy is co-branding program, or in other words several strong brands federatively launch a customer loyalty program. Such as for womens Me Time, family women can accumulate points in exchange for their daily purchases in beauty, hair products, or discount coupons for some companies. In these activities, Tesco and those co-operated brands achieved the effect of win-win. At the same time, Tesco has also introduced a large number of own brand products, and compared with those brands, Tescos own brand saved a lot of costs of publicity, and packaging is relatively simple, hence, Tesco has a comparative advantage (cost of sales is lower than others) in price. 3.7 The Welfare State Tesco has a relatively impeccable welfare state, includes retirement security, unemployment insurance system and workers compensation. According to Maks (1990), all three types of welfare security measures effectively improved the situation that welfare state policies create failures that in the real world are more serious than those that they are imagined to cure, since the employees rights and interests are correctly ensured. Conclusion As a result, with the increasingly perfected marketing strategies in China, in terms of the external analysis, budgeting, products, service, market segmentation, the brand and the welfare state, Tesco has delivered solid sales and profits in China, whilst continuing to invest in long-term strategy for growth. Tesco has made a good start to the new financial year, 2011, and Tesco will continue to make good progress even in this unknown and unstable global economic environment. Appendix (Available on http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/media/pr/pr2009/2009-04-21/) Appendix 1 TESCO: GROWTH IN TOUGH TIMES (Financial Statement) 21 April 2009 53 weeks ended 28 February 2009 2008/9 Growth vs 2007/8 53-week basis Group sales (inc. VAT)  £59.4bn 15.1% Group revenue (ex. VAT)  £54.3bn 15.1% Group trading profit  £3,090m 12.4% Underlying profit before tax  £3,128m 10.0% Group profit before tax  £2,954m 5.5% Underlying diluted earnings per share  £28.92p 11.0% Diluted earnings per share  £27.31p 2.6% Dividend per share  £11.96p (Available on http://www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm) The part of distributions of Tesco around the world Country Entrance Year Number of shops UK 1897 Czechoslovakia 1996 35 Hungary 1994 87 Poland 1995 105 Turkey 2003 8 China 2004 89 Japan 2003 111 Malaysia 2001 13 South Korea 1999 62

Listeners :: Essays Papers

Listeners My hands were dirty. I was playing in the mud with the Dolinger’s up the street when I heard the bell ringing faintly in the distance. It was time to go home. A sweet soft summer breeze pushed me down Delaware Av. to my house on the corner. This same warm fresh breath of air then gracefully passed through the windows of my living room and finally escaped my home overflowing with music. I walked into a dark and cool living room, my sisters not far behind me. We were immediately greeted with the pleasantly pungent odor of cigar smoke and the powerful music of Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue. My dad was lying on the couch, his eyes closed, listening. Only the light above the kitchen stove was on. He would invite and encourage us to listen with him. Since we were only 5 and 6 we would naturally prefer to mindlessly watch the Brady Bunch. But on occasion, I remember sitting and listening with him. I remember dancing around the room or lying on cool hardwood floors. I remember feeling the vibrations of the speakers through the floor, tickling my body, imprinting the notes on my soul. My dad provided an environment in which we might learn to appreciate the enriching sounds of various musical genius’s from Copland to the Grateful Dead. He gave me an amazing gift, the opportunity to learn how to simply listen. Sweets sounds, melodies, rhythms and beats, have been changing and growing for as long as man has walked the earth. Music is not just a pastime or entertainment, but a method of communication, of identification, of bonding, and learning about other people and cultures around the world. As I grew older, I learned that music or rather the listeners of such enrapturing sounds, make up a very powerful and unique community. Music has always been apart of my life. However, it did not begin to recognizably contribute to my own personal development until sixth grade when my then best friend of six years, Colleen, and I began to â€Å"travel down two different paths†.

Father and Child: Personal Analysis Essay

The first person narrative poem ‘Father and child’ by Gwen Harwood, is structured in two sections each with seven stanzas and six lines. It focuses on an individuals revolt against authority and the consequences of such an action, as well as an insinuation of the imminent death of a parent. Harwood uses persuasive and implicit means to â€Å"mirror† the loss of innocence and its effect on the sense of appreciation or acceptance of the complexities existing in the wider world. Overall, ‘Father and Child’, demonstrates the individuals pursuit of power over the authoritative figure through defiance in the form of rebellion and destruction of authority. Through this Harwood challenges widely recognised stereotypes of purity and innocence associated with young girls and has also enriched my own perception on the connection between childhood memories and their effect on shaping an individuals identity. Harwood depicts the memories of the persona in the first section, ‘Barn Owl’, where the loss of innocence due to childhood naivety is illustrated to be the foundation of the persona’s development of identity. This is shown when the persona shoots the â€Å"Owl† with the gun of the â€Å"father†, a representation of his power and authority. Here, the owl epitomizes both wisdom and authority, which the child seeks to resist. Thus in their mind, the child is destroying authority. The diction of ‘Barn Owl’, unlike its counterpart, is much simpler and holds an essence of child-like awareness, for example, the short and monosyllabic language of â€Å"Let him dream of a child Obedient,† shows the persona trying to exhibit an image of cunning and rebellion, however it is obvious to the responder that the persona is prying into complexities the she does not completely understand. As the responder I can understand the persona’s refusal of authority and therefore forgive the childish ignorance which can be relatable to anyone. The following lines where the father regains the power and instructs the persona to â€Å"End what you have begun† is a dismaying moment after which the child is shown to have lost her innocence and naivety. Corresponding use of intertextuality in the second section, â€Å"Nightfall† in which the persona seems to have grown up, creates a more profound reading of the text. This can be seen in the references to ‘King Lear’ through the designation of â€Å"Old King†, to the father as well as the direct quoting of Lear’s words, â€Å"be your tears wet? † The lateral connections between these texts allows Harwood to disregard time and context differences, and rather focus on the similar ideas being presented. In my opinion, further exploration of ‘King Lear’ reshaped my previous understanding of ‘Father and Child’, also influencing my point of view. In ‘Nightfall’ the focus of childhood memories is incorporated into the idea of the importance of relationships and the inevitability of death. The child from the previous section has matured and is shown to have grown a greater appreciation for the complexities of life and the subtleties of the relationship with her father. As it goes on, we see a reversal of roles in which the father has gained the innocence lost in the former section and the child has â€Å"grown to learn what sorrows, in the end, no words, no tears can mend’ revealing her growing wisdom. The symbolic and profound nature of this text has greatly shaped and reshaped my outlook on the importance of relationships, the inevitability of death, and the power of childhood memories. Further research, such as readings and other resources, as well as deeper exploration of this text allows many of the implicit details to be truly appreciated and understood. The relevant themes and inherent referencing of other texts allows ‘Father and Child’ to be very meaningful and enjoyable for audiences from many contexts.

Environmental Analysis and Industry Analysis Essay

Rivalry will exist among Lady Ath-Elite but the intensity will not be great. There are several gyms in Huntsville, Alabama; the largest gyms are the University Fitness Center, Gold’s Gym, Riviera Fitness Centers, Bender’s Gym, Curves, Empire Fitness, and the new YMCA in Madison, Alabama (Yellowpages.com, 2012). Riviera Fitness Center will offer competition because one of its two branches, like Lady Ath-Elite is for women only. There are also the following gyms for women: Real Life Fitness for Women, and as previously-mentioned, Curves. However, those gyms are not quite as large as Riviera Fitness, which has four locations in the Huntsville area alone (Rivierafitnesscenters.com, 2011). Bender’s Gym will offer competition because one of its two local branches houses the Parisi Speed School, which is a training facility for aspiring athletes. Of course, some gyms, like Bender’s Gym and Gold’s Gym have the advantage of being open for twenty-four hours, which is a service that Lady Ath-Elite will not offer. However, the Parisi Speed School, which is a part of Bender’s Gym, is not open twenty-fours – only the actual gym (Bendersgym.com, 2012). Still, despite the luxuries offered by the aforementioned fitness centers, Lady Ath-Elite will be the only gym of its kind designated for women. There will be no other gym that will employ trainers who will guide and coach aspiring female athletes toward achieving their goals. The bargaining power of buyers will still be relatively high, since, like most other gyms, we will rely on membership to generate most of our revenue. Also, even though Lady Ath-Elite will be unique compared to most other gyms, consumers will likely want to be sure they are functioning within their budgets, even if it means sacrificing the one-on-one attention that the trainers of Lady Ath-Elite can offer. For example, Riviera Fitness Center offers a plan of $19 a month to employees of certain organizations, like public school employees. This might be feasible, since Riviera has a large membership and many branches (Rivierafitnesscenters.com, 2011). So we must strive to be competitive but also generate enough revenue to cover expenses and take care of debt. The bargaining power of suppliers is relatively low when compared with that of buyers. Lady Ath-Elite will need to purchase or lease equipment of good quality, built to last. The company will strive to offer the newest, most advanced and effective equipment in the market. However, there are still many suppliers to choose from, and the company will shop around for the best deal. Lady Ath-Elite is starting small, with just one location. There are gyms with several branches that may attempt to monopolize by acquiring all small gyms. Lady Ath-Elite may have low exit barriers if its membership doesn’t increase within a certain amount of time. The company will have work diligently to advertise and appeal to its target population – young, active, female athletes. References Rivierafitness.com. Riviera Fitness Centers, 2010-2011. Retrieved from http://www.rivierafitnesscenters.com/. Simpson, Nathan, 2012. Bendersgym.com. Retrieved from http://bendersgym.com/. Yellowpages.com. YP Intellectual Property, LLC, 2012. Retrieved from http://www. yellowpages.com/.